Eczema

• Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition that causes inflammation, dryness, itching, and redness of the skin. It can affect people of all ages, but it's most common in infants and young children. Eczema is not contagious, but it can be frustrating, uncomfortable, and sometimes painful.

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• There’s no permanent cure, but a variety of medications and treatments can help control symptoms, reduce flare-ups, and improve skin health.

Eczema is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors:

• Genetics:

  • Family history of eczema, allergies, asthma, or hay fever

  • Defects in the skin barrier that allow moisture to escape and irritants to enter

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• Environmental Triggers:

  • Soaps, detergents, shampoos

  • Dust, pollen, pet dander

  • Extreme temperatures or sudden weather changes

  • Sweating or overheating

  • Certain fabrics (like wool or synthetic materials)

  • Food allergies (especially in children)

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• Stress:

  • Emotional stress can trigger or worsen eczema symptoms

• Common Symptoms:

  • Dry, cracked, or scaly skin

  • Red or dark patches

  • Intense itching (especially at night)

  • Oozing or crusting when scratched

  • Thickened skin from repeated scratching (lichenification)

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• 👶 In babies: Appears on the cheeks, scalp, and arms

• 👧 In older children and adults: Often affects elbows, knees, hands, and neck

• Eczema treatment aims to relieve symptoms, heal the skin, and prevent flare-ups. Treatment plans depend on the severity of eczema and individual needs.

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1. Topical Corticosteroids

• Purpose: Reduce inflammation and itching

• Examples:

  • Hydrocortisone (mild)

  • Betamethasone, Clobetasol (stronger steroids)

• Use as directed—long-term or overuse may thin the skin or cause side effects.

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2. Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors

• Purpose: Non-steroid creams for sensitive areas like the face or eyelids

• Examples:

  • Tacrolimus (Protopic)

  • Pimecrolimus (Elidel)

• Can be used long-term and safer for delicate skin than steroids.

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3. Moisturizers (Emollients)

• Purpose: Hydrate skin and repair the skin barrier

• Use multiple times daily, especially after bathing

  • Petroleum jelly, CeraVe, Eucerin, Aquaphor

  • Oatmeal-based lotions for soothing itchy skin

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4. Antihistamines

• Purpose: Reduce itching, especially at night

• Examples:

  • Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) – May cause drowsiness

  • Cetirizine, Loratadine – Non-drowsy options

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5. Oral Corticosteroids (for severe flare-ups)

• Example: Prednisone

• Used short-term to quickly reduce inflammation

• Not suitable for long-term use due to side effects

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6. Antibiotics (if infection occurs)

• Eczema-prone skin can get infected from scratching

• Topical or oral antibiotics like Mupirocin, Amoxicillin

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7. Biologic Therapy (for severe eczema)

• Dupilumab (Dupixent):

  • An injectable medication for moderate to severe eczema

  • Blocks inflammatory pathways in the immune system

  • Requires prescription and monitoring

• Common Side Effects:

  • Skin thinning or lightening (from overuse of corticosteroids)

  • Burning or stinging when applying topical treatments

  • Drowsiness (from some antihistamines)

  • Increased risk of infection (from immune-suppressing medications)

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• Seek medical attention for:

  • Severe allergic reaction (swelling, difficulty breathing)

  • Skin infection (oozing, redness, pain, fever)

• A doctor or dermatologist will assess:

  • Appearance of the skin

  • Medical history (personal or family)

  • Patch testing to check for allergic reactions (if needed)

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• No lab test is required to confirm eczema, but tests may rule out other skin conditions.

• Moisturize daily, especially after bathing

• Use fragrance-free, gentle soaps and shampoos

• Wear loose, soft clothing (preferably cotton)

• Use a humidifier in dry weather

• Avoid overheating or excessive sweating

• Identify and avoid known allergens or food triggers

• Manage stress with relaxation techniques

1. Can eczema be cured?

• No, but it can be well-managed with the right treatment and lifestyle changes.

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2. Are steroids safe for long-term use?

• Topical steroids are safe when used correctly and sparingly, under doctor guidance.

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3. Is eczema contagious?

• No. Eczema is not contagious and cannot be spread through contact.

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4. Can diet affect eczema?

• Yes, in some people. Dairy, nuts, gluten, or eggs can trigger flare-ups. A food diary may help identify patterns.

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5. What’s the best moisturizer for eczema?

• Thick creams or ointments (like petroleum jelly or ceramide-based products) are best. Avoid watery lotions with fragrances or alcohol.

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6. Should I see a dermatologist for eczema?

• Yes, especially if your symptoms are severe, not improving, or you suspect an infection.